Altruists attract and origins of mating behavior Essay Example for Free

Altruists draw in and causes of mating conduct Essay In the test study altruists draw in scientists reasoned that individuals keep an eye on corporate with the more alluring individuals from the other gender. Moreover, as progressively one individual from other gender is indicating organization, the more appealing it might appear to other individual from the other gender. Almost certainly, benevolent conduct is valuable in the two sexual orientations which are in the drawn out connections since they share similar assets or care about their kids. Exploration shows that individuals who are corporative are seen by others as increasingly alluring and kind and these are the qualities which individuals mean when are searching for mating accomplices. For instance, guys will in general give more cash to ladies homeless people than to a similar sex hobos guys. Second article discussed starting points of mating and how individuals pick accomplices with regards to mating. Charles Darwin was the main who proposed the hypothesis of sexual choice, stressing that mating conduct can be clarified by developmental change; inclinations for a mate and rivalry for a mate. People never pick mating accomplices just unintentionally; they will in general use techniques so as to locate the most proper mate. Likewise, our precursors utilized systems for mating, they decided to mate with the other gender individuals who were regenerative so as to give qualities to the following ages. For example, females pick their mates who are financially free, who will deal with them and their kids, and who might give their chance to family. These the two methodologies can be both alluded to our progenitors and our time scale. Writer of this article contrast ladies and weaverbirds which additionally incline toward man with rich and productive homes. Be that as it may, the most troublesome choices for people in choosing a mate is to recognize and indentify what sort of relationship are they searching for; present moment or long haul relationship. In any event, with regards to creature mating, the more grounded and bigger ones are the more possibilities in finding a fitting mate. In this way, the more vulnerable ones ten to fall flat in finding a mate and they become wiped out. Almost certainly, keeping a mate is another significant thing for the individuals who are looking for a drawn out relationship. A few people will in general be commonly more envious than others. In this way, sexual enviously can evoke either watchfulness or cause viciousness between couples. At last, it isn't in human instinct to date just with one individual for a whole lifetime. People frequently brake up or split with other individual from sex, because of the contentions, for example, one may feel unsatisfy being in a specific relationship, cheating or different reasons. Everywhere throughout the world people are falling flat for the separation. It isn't just found in Western world. At the point when individuals brake up or split they will in general enter again the mating market. In any case, returning again and beginning everything from new can cause different issues. For instance, ladies having kids from past relationship may experience issues to finding another mate. In addition, ages assumes a major job in finding a mate.

International Trade :: essays research papers

Universal Trade Universal exchange or world exchange influences the whole American economy. The early mechanical long periods of American the economy depended completely on the sending out merchandise to different nations, and these fares made the income need to continue the nation. America would send out a greater number of items than it required this made an overflow in the GDP. This started to change in the 1930’s when the exchange started to change and the nation started to import more items. This descending pattern drove the GDP its absolute bottom ever. In today’s world exchange advertise America’s import rate is some place in the mid-60%. The parity of exchange America today is running in a deficiency. The U.S. government has made exchange understandings the different nations that permit facilitated commerce between these nations. This implies there are no duties, expenses or assessments applied toward the great being imported or traded between the nations in the understanding. These nations incorporate Mexico and Canada that make the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and Israel. These understandings are not restricted to organized commerce, yet different nations, for example, Jamaica, that need help with request to become financially American has decreased the measure of taxes need to bring great into America. Worldwide exchange gives assets that the U.S. doesn't create enough of to support the nation. One of the significant imports required in the U.S. today is oil. This is one reason America has an unhindered commerce concurrence with Israel. This permits oil to be imported without taxes. Different items, for example, vehicles imported from Japan make import burdens that the administration spends on the U.S. economy. Moreover, the U.S. has forced limitations on remote nations to lessen the surge of products into the commercial center. These things incorporate materials imported from nations that produce these things an a lot less expensive expense.

Writing College Papers

Writing College PapersIf you are a high school student, you have probably seen your English teacher struggling to write papers with some style and skill. Although it is easy to learn how to write a paper, writing college papers is not that easy.Before you begin to write your paper, you need to organize your thoughts and then write your paper, step by step. Once you have organized your thoughts, start writing a paragraph on each topic you wish to cover. Keep in mind the purpose of your paper; how do you want your audience to remember your paper?For your next step, it is time to turn your paragraphs into a written story. It is this story that will help guide your reader through your entire paper.Some of the best ways to write a paper is to write a thesis statement. You must first of all, state your beliefs and then decide on how to support this statement. This is when you will start researching topics for your paper and how they relate to your thesis statement.You then need to state yo ur interest in the topic and your objective of writing the paper. Your objective is something that will motivate you and keep you focused on the task at hand. Once you know how you will write your paper, then you need to start writing the outline of your paper.With each topic you choose to cover, you need to write down all your ideas on how this topic relates to your topic or thesis statement. You need to write about things that you have researched, things you have heard about and even things you have seen. Each of these will be used to write a paper and they should be written in the order you choose for each topic.The first topic you start on must not be the last topic you write. You have research to do, so write on a topic that you think will interest your audience. By doing this, you will help motivate yourself to continue writing, and your audience will get more excited about the topic you have chosen to write about.After you have researched the topic, you need to find an outlin e to help you build a whole essay around it. Do not be tempted to cheat yourself by changing things too much, because in doing so, you will lose credibility and will make it harder to write a paper. So remember, when writing a paper, choose topics that you are most interested in and write each paragraph on its own.

Theodore Roosevelt President of the United States - Free Essay Example

Some people know me for being a cattle rancher, hunter, and an explorer. But despite my rugged past, I had become the 26th President of the United States, I am Theodore Roosevelt. Also, being known for my excellent hunting skills I was known as â€Å"Telescope Teddy†. I had received this nickname because of my thick glasses and tiny telescope â€Å"eye†, and also just my skills of catching game, out west in 1902. My family has referred to me as â€Å"Teedie† as well, just as being a very sickly child. I have a very powerful personality, (of what people would say), this is what had led me into office. I once had quoted â€Å"Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far,† I say this because of my forcing of going away from a dishonest financial adviser, I take this saying from a West African proverb. My ancestors come from a Dutch colony in New Amsterdam (New York) in the 1600s. I was born the 27th of October, in New York, I was the second out of four children. My father is named Theodore Sr. He worked as a businessman, causing our family to have plenty of money. My mother, Martha (Bulloch) Roosevelt was raised as a Southerner on plantation land. As a young boy, I suffered from asthma causing me to not to attend school. This made my parents insisted on a private tutor, and by the age of 18, I was accepted into Harvard. But, despite my breathing problems, I was attracted to many sports. As a young boy, I went on many trips with my family around Europe. These experiences this led me into the journeys becoming an explorer. Just months after graduating from Harvard in 1880, I married the love of my life, Alice Lee Hathaway. But tragically she passed away February 14, 1884, from Brights disease, leaving me all alone with our four-year-old daughter Alice. I was so devastated with the loss of my wife I have forbidden her name being said in the house, so I nicknamed my daughter Alice â€Å"Bamie†. One day on a trip to London, I reunited with my childhood friend Ethel Kermit Carow, later marrying her. Together Ethel and I built a life. We had five children together, Theodore Jr (1887), Kermit (1889), Ethel Carow (1891) Archibald Bulloch (1894), and my youngest son Quentin (1897). My military history consisted of the Civil Rights Service. Also being appointed being Lieutenant in the Spanish American War by President Mckinley. I created the Rough Riders which is the first Volunteer Cavalry. Before becoming president I wanted to become a Lawyer but dropping out later on. In 1886, I ran for New Yorks Governor, later winning. During my free time, I enjoy hunting and journaling. Did you know I was the youngest President to enter the office at the age of forty-two? The dates I served was from 1901-1909. Charles W. Fairbanks was my Vice President, Secretary of State; John Hay and Secretary of Treasure, Elihu Root (1905) and Robert Bacon (1909). People have considered me as the first modern President for my technique and skills in the office. I had completed many accomplishments in the Office. The Domestic Policy, which is a square deal domestic program involving the promise to battle the large Industrial combination, and in 1902 it had threatened to restrain trade. This has brought a successful suit in the Spanish American W ar. I had a Foreign Policy, which means I wanted to bring America out of its isolation and fulfill successful responsible. But sadly it didnt turn out as I expected. I had received the Medal of Honor, which means since for my hard work being a Rough Rider. The Rough Riders greatest victory formed at the Battle of San Juan Hill. I had helped the coal strike of 1902. The Coal Strike is when the mine workers had threatened to heat supplies at their own homes. I had begun to threatened the miners by the US Army to mine the coals and fire the mines and convinced both the miners and the owners to deal with it. After excelling at a great President I made many expeditions, as in exploring jungles with my wife for nine months. I had perished in my bed on January 2, 1919, at the age of 60. I died by a Pulmonary embolism, which is a blood clot in the lung. I was buried in Oyster Bay, New York. My legacy had brought excitement to the Office, with my strong personality I also brought power. I have many national memorials such as my birthplace in Sycamore Hill, being a mansion I lived in. Wilcox mansion Buffalo, New York, where I took an oath. T has several national parks named after me, and lets not forget Im on Mount Rushmore. I have made a Presid ent, rather than a Political Party, or Congress, which is the center of American Politics. I believe that a President should use only power, or all unless denied for a specific/ political, reason. Now I know, I Theodore Roosevelt, has changed America greatly in many ways as becoming a â€Å"modern president†.

Alzheimer s Disease A Progressive Neurodegenerative...

Alzheimer’s Disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that results in dementia, disorientation, problems with speech, and behavioral issues within a person. This disease is detrimental and has no cure. Almost every single person knows someone that has this disease, or has known someone that has had this disease. That is the reason that I chose to research this particular topic. In 2013, my great uncle was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s Disease. He was the most down to earth man you would ever meet. He had a great sense of humor and always kept a smile on his face as well as the faces of the people that he was around. When he was diagnosed, we were devastated because we knew that this disease would eventually consume and take over his life. One of the very bold memories that I have of him after a year after his diagnosis was when we took a family trip to the mountains. We have a pretty large family, so we stayed in a mountain house. Well, the kids wound up sleeping down stairs together. On the second night that we were there. I woke up at 3 o’clock in the morning to yelling that was coming from the top of the stairs. I immediately recognized that it was my uncles voice and I began to get worried. Everyone was asleep, but I could hear him telling my aunt that he needed to go down stairs and make those kids stop playing basketball. I knew in that moment that his diagnosis was getting worse and worse by the day. This was the type of thing that scared me. Alzheimer’sShow MoreRelatedAlzheimer s A Progressive Neurodegenerative Disease860 Words   |  4 PagesAlzheimer’s is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that steadily destroys the memory and other important mental functions such as social skills, intellect, and memory (4). Although the exact cause of Alzheimer’s is not known, most cases of the disease are caused by genetic mutations passed from the parent to the child (1). There are several genes associated with Alzheimer’s one in particular is apolipoprotein E (1). The presence of one or more of these genes does not necessarily mean thatRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Progressive Neurodegenerative Disease2372 Words   |  10 Pagesdementia is brought forward. Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a brain disease, is the most common type of dementia, and affects majority of people 60 years or older (1,14). It is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, which only continues to worsen over time. Each individual is affected differently with symptoms and the progression. As of right now there is no cure for it (14). Biology of Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, which attacks the brain. It is not knownRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Progressive And Neurodegenerative Form Of Dementia2437 Words   |  10 PagesAlzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a progressive and neurodegenerative form of dementia that causes problems with memory, thinking, reasoning, judgement and decision-making, recognizing, as well as behavior, and is serious enough to interfere with daily life and activities, that eventually leads to profound physical as well as mental disabilities, resulting in the need for institutional care (Hoyer Roodin, 2009). AD is most widespread in senior population aged 65 and over, which constitutes approximatelyRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Progressive And Fatal Neurodegenerative Condition2426 Words   |  10 PagesAlzheimer’s disease is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative condition that is characterized by a decline in the individual’s memory and cognitio n, problems with carrying out daily living skills. There are no exact imaging tests or laboratory tests we can use to diagnose Alzheimer’s. The only way to 100% diagnose Alzheimer’s are when the person dies and has a brain biopsy. The best treatment we have now is medication to help slow the progression and different types of therapy. Caregivers willRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease And Its Effects On The Lives Of Millions Americans Essay1714 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' Introduction Neurodegenerative diseases continue to affect the lives of millions Americans each year, with incidence and prevalence rates ever increasing. These diseases cause degeneration or death of nerve cells in the brain. These diseases can cause a financial and emotional burden on not only patients themselves, but also family members and care givers as well. Molecular mechanisms that underlie these diseases have remained relatively unclear, despite much research. Understanding the mechanismsRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Common Neurodegenerative Disease1110 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer’s disease is a common neurodegenerative disease. It is the most common form of dementia which is a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life (Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia). Dementia and Alzheimer’s have been around for centuries, but Alzheimer’s disease wasn’t first described until 1906 by Dr. Aloysius Alz heimer. In the past, there was a stigma for elderly people with the disease. People with dementia and Alzheimer’s wereRead MoreHealth Care and Stage Dementia Support Essay example1302 Words   |  6 Pagesin Australia every year. Harris, Nagy and Vardaxis (2006) stated  ¡Ã‚ ®dementia is a progressive organic mental disorder characterised by chronic personality disintegration, confusion, disorientation, stupor, deterioration of intellectual capacity and function, and impairment of control of memory £Ã‚ ¬ judgement and impulses. ¡Ã‚ ¯ (p.501) Brown Edwards (2005) noted that the decline in cognitive functions affect individual ¡Ã‚ ¯s ability to work and therefore they are not able to complete the tasks. In an aetiologyRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Progressive Disease925 Words   |  4 PagesAlzheimer s disease is a progressive disease that destroys memory and other vital mental functions. Alzheimer s disease is the most common cause of dementia, a group of brain di sorders that cause the loss of intellectual and social skills. AD can eventually render a person unable to function in society and to even care for themselves. Since the disease is the 6th leading cause of death in the United States constant research is being done to try to prevent it and to find a cure. Alzheimer s diseaseRead MoreMedical Management Decisions And The Plan Of Care Decisions Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer’s is a chronic medical neurodegenerative disease, therefore is a neurological illness which departures the brain cells, causing it to act in memory loss and mental failure. Early-onsets Alzheimer’s can be noticed in an individual beginning from ages 40-50s. Statistics show that of the 5.4 million Americans with Alzheimer s, an estimated 5.2 million people are age 65 and older, and approximately 200,000 individuals are under age 65 (Alzheimer’s Association, n.d.). The course of this disorderRead MoreEffects Of The Brain On Alzheimer s Disease1467 Words   |  6 PagesChanges in the brain may a play role in Alzheimer’s disease Introduction â€Å"Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible, progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, and eventually the ability to carry out the simplest tasks individuals with AD may start having symptoms their mid-60s† (nih.gov). AD is a multifactorial and progressive neurodegenerative disease. â€Å"Parts of AD, for example, increased oxidative state, amyloid plaque deposition, and neurofibrillary tangle of tau

Why Do Students Cheat - 997 Words

â€Å"It is not a question of who cheats, it is a question of who cheats the most†. If everybody does it then why does it matter if you cheat every once in a while to get by. If students successfully pull it off then they easily slip by on a test or homework assignment without having to do anything, giving them more time to do leisurely activities. The reason some students cheat is deeper than that most of the time, with college requirements becoming higher, students struggle to reach those requirements without a little help sometimes. Students resort to cheating due to GPA’s, the pressure, and the reward. To start, GPA’s are simple, the higher the grade you get the higher your GPA will be. To be able to play in any high school athletics a†¦show more content†¦Those big colleges that everybody has wanted to go to at least once in their life only accept kids with 4.2’s and a 34 or higher on the ACT. Some kids are looking at a 3.8 and havent taken the ACT yet thinking to themselves, how can i get my grades up so i can have a 4.2 so i can go to the college of my dreams with the least amount of work possible, and the answer is simple, to cheat. If they cheat they can bring their grades up causing their GPA to go up with it, and cheating takes less time than actually doing the homework giving the kids more time to study for the ACT to get a better score or to do the volunteer work that most of those colleges require. â€Å"The pressure to complete all of the work within the given time frame can make cheating look like a saving grace† (Wood). The list of pressur es to cheat is a mile long and can be checked off easily by cheating, and kids are always looking for the easy way out. Finally the rewards for cheating could make a list a mile long but there are a few that stick out. One big reward of cheating is it takes less time than actually studying, giving students more time to do leisurely activities and go out and be young and have fun. Students can get higher grades because of cheating, if they get a picture of a key they can get whatever score they want to bring their grade up. Their parents might give them money or presents for getting good grades. The pressureShow MoreRelatedWhy Do Students Cheat?1065 Words   |  5 PagesWhy do students cheat? It is a rare individual who actively chooses to be dishonest. But why do a few students make compromising choices? What can lead people to act in ways that they aren t proud of? Below are some underlying beliefs and confusions which students at Carnegie Mellon give as explanations for slipping standards of integrity. A Victimless Crime? Students generally are familiar with the disciplinary actions and penalties for getting caught. However, they may fail to understandRead MoreWhy Do College Students Cheat?1832 Words   |  8 PagesMarch 2008 Why Do College Students Cheat? Cheating among students in college has worsened over the years and not much is being done to stop it. Where is the line drawn when it comes to cheating in the classroom? And why do kids do it? In today’s world people are growing lazier and always looking for ways to do less work and a lot of that has to do with improved technology. Improved technology has also made cheating easier. Students can send each other e-mail’s back andRead MoreWhy Students Cheat : Cheating1469 Words   |  6 PagesWhy Students Cheat Cheating by students no matter their grade level has been a prevalent problem among schools for several years. One discouraging fact for academic institutions is that cheating has only gotten worse not better. Cheating can be carried out in a plethora of ways, such as copying off of other students during a test, copying another students homework, using a cell phone to either text answers or look them up, using crib notes or even copy and pasting whole written works and tryingRead MoreWhy Should Students From A Respected University Cheat?1014 Words   |  5 Pagesalways wonder why. Why would students from a respected university cheat? Who should we put the blame on? A lot of people are quick to assume that it is the student s personal morals, which causes them to cheat. I realized why a lot of student’s cheat, and how certain articles that I read, proposed we fix the cheating issue. The main goal is to prevent future cheating, and you start preventing cheating by looking at w hat the source of that cheating is. In the articles, â€Å"Harvard Students in CheatingRead MoreStudent Cheating And Its Effects On Society1138 Words   |  5 PagesStudent Cheating Academic dishonesty is a common concept that occurs in multiple institutions across the United States. A student who engages in academic dishonestly simply cheats on material but cheats by primarily plagiarizing their work. The bulk of students who cheat simply cheat by using technology. As technology advances, student cheating advances. Students are fixated with technology and technology, is a vast reason why cheating has became effortless to accomplish. However, that does not triggerRead MoreCheating on College Examinations980 Words   |  4 Pagesespecially college exams. Does it really happen? Sure it does. We argue that many college students cheat during examinations because of several reasons. They can be nervous that is why they cheat, it can also be a reason of time management wherein some college students also work while taking time to attend school classes or, maybe they are just lazy enough to study ahead of examination date. There are a lot of reasons why cheating on col lege exams happens and along with it, there are numerous effects outRead MoreThe Ethical Journey Of Views Of College Students891 Words   |  4 PagesMany students leave for college and are excited to begin a new journey or chapter in their life. Many had a long road to make it through high school while some found it easy. This paper will be discussing the Ethical journey of views of college students. What make some cheat while other are honest and how is cheating or academic dishonesty viewed by the American people. What are ethics and how they do apply to the college student, and how does the college student s apply it to the world. EthicsRead MoreIs Cheating At School Getting Out Of Control?872 Words   |  4 PagesControl? The clock is ticking at 1:00am and Joe is sitting in front of his computer trying to study for his Math test. â€Å"The test will be tomorrow at 7am. I don t understand any of this. I can’t even remember the formulas. What should I do?† Joe thought. But, why is he doing this at the last minute? Was it because of the addicting game â€Å"Battle Front† that he could not get enough of? Or, was it maybe because his girlfriend wanted to hangout yesterday? No matter how much he tried to makeup excusesRead MoreShould Cheating Be Academic Dishonesty? Essay1071 Words   |  5 Pagesconsequences yet many students continue to cheat. I do not find it surprising that students cheat in college or university. McCabe, Trevino Butterfield (2001) offer many explanations as in why students commit academic dishonesty, such as peer influences. Although the findings of this study still can be applied today I argue a new study should consider the use of technology in regards to a cademic dishonesty. With the rise of technology, it has become much easier for students to cheat on exams and papersRead MoreThe Effects Of Academic Cheating On Students888 Words   |  4 PagesResearch conducted shows that 95 percent of high school students admit to having cheated at some point in their education and about half of all college students have admitted to plagiarizing. Academic cheating has become a norm for many students during their years in school, whether it is in middle or high school. The question now becomes why kids in this generation cheat, do they cheat because they re just that lazy to do work or just don t understand what s going on in class and are too scared

Internet Technologies CryptographyBased Scheme

Question: Describe about the Internet Technologies for Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol . Answer: In Ipv4 TCP/IP protocol is used or sending and receiving packets of data and the IPv6 is the future of the IP addressing. It have advantage over IPv4 and the IPv4 framework is changed to develop the IPv6 by the Internet Engineering Task Force. The advantages of the IPv6 over IPv4 are described as follows: It has a huge range of IP address- IPv6 contains 128 bit address but when compared with the IPv4 it have 32 bit address and thus it results in availability of IP address and accommodate more number of users. End to End Connection- The need of NAT is eliminated with the implementation of IPv6 and better peer to peer connection is created (Matousek, Skacan Korenek, 2013) Built-in Security- The interoperability improves with the implementation of IPv6. In IPv4 the IP address is separated in 8 bit boundaries but in IPv6 the address is separated using 16 bit boundary and the representation is called colon hexadecimal. IP Version Address size IPv4 32 bit and it allows 232 and 4294967296 number of possible address (Wu et al., 2013) IPv6 128 bits that allows 2128 and 340282366920938463374607431768211456(3.4*1038) number of possible address The transition of IPv4 to IPv6 required formal strategies and each of the strategies are described in the below table. Method of Transition Description Dual stacking method Most of the network devices such as the PC and the routers runs on IPv4 and IPv6 and thus two set of address can be used for the transition. Manual IPv4 to IPv6 (4-6) tunneling IPv4 packets can be tunneled in the IPv6 network and vice versa by encapsulating them in the necessary packets (Matousek, Skacan Korenek, 2013). The requirement for these techniques is that the routers in the network should be configured with dual stack method. Dynamic 6 4 tunneling This method allows IPv6 locality to connect to IPv6 using IPv4 network as a backbone. In this method, a unique IPv6 prefix is added locally and retrieval of the address information is eliminated. Intra site automatic tunnel addressing protocol (ISATAP) tunneling VPN can be used for connecting IPv6 with the IPv4 network automatically. The boundary routers are required to be configured using dual stack method. Teredo Tunneling With the implementation of Tedro tunnel, the use of routers to tunnel the packets of data can be eliminated (Wu et al., 2013). The host server is required to be configured with dual stack method and the packet of data can thus move using the IPv4 address translation device. NAT proxying and translation (NAT-PT) It uses a address translation device for translating the Ipv4 and IPv6 address. The bit rate of the for the 4.2 MHZ bandwidth system can be calculated using the following formula. C= B log2 (1+SNR) (Ji et al., 2014) = 4.2 * 106 log2 (1+170) = 2.23Mbps The upper limit is 2.23 Mbps The Shannon formula gives 2.23 Mbps, the upper limit and thus for better performance something lower is chosen and the nyquist formula is applied for finding the levels of signal. 2Mbps= 2 * 4.2 MHz * log2 2 L= 2.52 The difference between the centralized and decentralized peer-to-peer network are discussed as follows: Centralized system In this system the server maintains the directories that are stored in the peer of the computer. The central server directs the connection between the peers and thus for establishing the connection between the peers the central server is necessary. Decentralized system In decentralized system, the peer connects between himself and herself directly without being directed by a server (Wu et al., 2013). These are large network, the connection is repeated, and a number of layers of computers are there for passing the message to the client. Advantage: It is easy to install and configure the network connections All the contents and the resources are shared by the peers in the decentralized system but the centralized system only shares the contents and the resources. Peer to peer connection in decentralized system is more because there is no central dependency. Failure of one of the peer does not affect the other peer (Bryan et al., 2016). In case of the centralized model if the central goes down the whole network is affected. The need of full time system administrator is eliminated the users of the network can control the resources. The cost of maintaining the network and addition of nodes is comparatively less. Disadvantage: In decentralized system the system administrator faces difficulty in administrating the network because the determination of the accessibility of the system is difficult. The system is less secure because virus, spyware and Trojan can be implemented from any source. Backup and data recovery is difficult because data is decentralized and the data are required to be backed up in the own systems Latency = processing time + queuing time + transmission time + propagation time Processing time = 12 2 s = 24 s = 0.000024 s Queuing time = 12 4 s = 48 s = 0.000048 s Transmission time = 5,000,000 / (5 Mbps) = 1 s Propagation time = (2600 Km) / (2.2108 m/s) = 0.01 s Latency = 0.000024 + 0.000048 + 1 + 0.01 = 1.010072 s The transmission time is dominant here because the packet size is huge, and processing time and queuing time are negligible. FTP (File Transfer protocol) is used for transferring files between one computer to another in a same network. The below figure demonstrate the working of FTP where FTP works with an active internet connection. One command is used for sending and receiving data and the other command is used for establishing a secure connection (Sharma Nandal, 2014). A standard PORT is used for communicating with the Internet Protocol and the PORT number is 21. Figure 1: FTP work flow diagram (Source: Sharma Nandal, 2014) SCP (Secure copy protocol) differs from FTP (File Transfer Protocol) because it helps to send file a file to the server and retrieve file from the server. The security is more in the FTP because it SSH protocol for authentication. The files transmission speed in SCP is much faster when compared with FTP (Ben?Othman Saavedra Benitez, 2013). Directory listings can be implemented for accessing the source file and the destination folder. It also supports larger file for transfers and it can also resume the transfer of files. For establishing a FTP connection an FTP client is required to be installed on the client PC and information about the FTP server is required like server address, username, password, etc. A connection is established using the server address and the user name password and the files can be uploaded or downloaded using the FTP file manager. References Ben?Othman, J., Saavedra Benitez, Y. I. (2013). IBC?HWMP: a novel secure identity?based cryptography?based scheme for Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol for IEEE 802.11 s.Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience,25(5), 686-700. Bryan, D., Matthews, P., Shim, E., Dawkins, S., Willis, D. (2016). Concepts and terminology for peer to peer sip. Ji, R., Duan, L. Y., Chen, J., Huang, T., Gao, W. (2014). Mining compact bag-of-patterns for low bit rate mobile visual search.IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,23(7), 3099-3113. Matousek, J., Skacan, M., Korenek, J. (2013, April). Towards hardware architecture for memory efficient IPv4/IPv6 Lookup in 100 Gbps networks. InDesign and Diagnostics of Electronic Circuits Systems (DDECS), 2013 IEEE 16th International Symposium on(pp. 108-111). IEEE. Sharma, S., Nandal, V. (2014). FTP Server Hacking: Brute Force Algorithm. Wu, P., Cui, Y., Wu, J., Liu, J., Metz, C. (2013). Transition from IPv4 to IPv6: A state-of-the-art survey.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,15(3), 1407-1424. Wu, X., Tavildar, S., Shakkottai, S., Richardson, T., Li, J., Laroia, R., Jovicic, A. (2013). FlashLinQ: A synchronous distributed scheduler for peer-to-peer ad hoc networks.IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON),21(4), 1215-1228.